|
''Lupinus polyphyllus'' (large-leaved lupine, big-leaved lupine, many-leaved lupine〔Dickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; & Dickinson, R. (2004). ''The ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario.'' Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p.270.〕 or, primarily in cultivation, garden lupin) is a species of lupine (lupin) native to western North America from southern Alaska and British Columbia east to Quebec, and western Wyoming, and south to Utah and California. It commonly grows along streams and creeks, preferring moist habitats. It is a perennial herbaceous plant with stout stems growing to tall. The leaves are palmately compound with (5-) 9-17 leaflets long. The flowers are produced on a tall spike, each flower long, most commonly blue to purple in wild plants. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees. The ''polyphyllus'' variety in particular make up a great number of the hybrids which are generally grown as garden lupines, they can vary dramatically in colours. The majority of lupines do not thrive in rich heavy soils, and often only live for a matter of years if grown in such places, crown contact with manure or rich organic matter encourages rotting. There are five varieties: *''Lupinus polyphyllus'' var. ''burkei'' – Interior northwestern United States *''Lupinus polyphyllus'' var. ''humicola'' – Interior western North America *''Lupinus polyphyllus'' var. ''pallidipes'' – Western Oregon and Washington (Willamette Valley) *''Lupinus polyphyllus'' var. ''polyphyllus'' – Coastal western North America *''Lupinus polyphyllus'' var. ''prunophilus'' – Interior western North America ==Russell hybrids== The herbaceous lupine, ''Lupinus polyphyllus'', arrived in Britain from North America in the 1820s, brought over by David Douglas. Almost a century later, George Russell ()(), a horticulturist from York, UK, started to breed the (later famous) Russell hybrids (''Lupinus X russellii hort''). ''Lupinus polphyllus'' originally were of basic colours and had large gaps in the flowering spike. Without the use of modern day plant breeding techniques, Russell took to ruthlessly pulling out any plants which he deemed to be unacceptable in growth or display. He spent two decades single-mindedly trying to breed the perfect lupine, crossing ''L. polyphyllus'' with ''L. arboreus'', ''L. sulphureus'' and one or more annual species (maybe ''L. nootkatensis''). Over the decades, the plants he selected developed flower spikes that were denser, larger, and more colourful than the original ''Lupinus polyphyllus''. His work may have gone unrecognised if he had not been encouraged by nurseryman James Baker to show the plants to the public. It is understood the pair worked together for several years to perfect the Russell Hybrid, before they were displayed at the Royal Horticultural Society's June show in 1937, where their brightly coloured, tightly packed spires won awards.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC gardeners world article )〕 Russell was later awarded an MBE, and the Royal Horticultural Society awarded him the Veitch Memorial Medal for a lifetime's achievement in horticulture. Baker later secured Russell's entire stock; in their heyday, Bakers Nurseries Ltd. of Codsall, Wolverhamton attracted 80,000 visitors in June to see of lupines in flower. Russell disliked the blue colours, as they reflected too closely the original plants imported from America almost a 100 years previously. The blue colouring is a recessive allele, and so although Russell might have worked hard to suppress it, lupines left unchecked over several generations will eventually revert to the old blues. Almost all garden lupines today are hybrids of the true Russell hybrids due to their ease of cross pollinating with one another, and with no special interest in lupine cultivating until recent years it has meant the plants have created a large pool of genetic diversity and variation from the original Russells .〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=West Country Nurseries article )〕 The templates created by Russell are still used by other specialist lupine horticulturalists today e.g. Maurice and Brian Woodfield, nurserymen from Stratford-upon-Avon, who received the RHS Veitch Memorial Medal for their work on lupines in 2000. The Woodfields created more complex plants with more varied and vivid bi-coloured spikes, the red and yellow, and red and purple flowers are particular highlights of the "Woodfield" lupine variety. In 2009, Sarah Conibear who runs the Westcountry Nurseries, displayed several new varieties including the ‘Beefeater', about which the RHS writer Graham Rice commented "(beefeater ) has what looks to be the best red lupine we've seen so far." 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=RHS article )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lupinus polyphyllus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|